Intambara muri RDC irimo kugerageza ukwigengesera muri dipolomasi kw'Ubushinwa

Ibikorwa by'Ubushinwa byo kubaka inyungu nyinshi cyane z'ubucuruzi muri Afurika byaherekejwe n'igenamigambi ririmo ukwigengesera ryo kugaragaza ko nta ruhande bubogamiyeho - ariko intambara yo mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika ya Demokarasi ya Congo yatumye buhindura umuvuno muri iyo mikorere yabwo.

U Rwanda rushinjwa henshi - na DRC, ONU n'ibihugu byinshi byo mu burengerazuba - kwenyegeza imirwano muri aka karere gakungahaye ku mabuye y'agaciro ndetse Beijing, ifitanye umubano wa hafi na DR Congo n'u Rwanda, na yo mu byumweru bya vuba bishize yiyongereye ku banenga u Rwanda.

Ariko Beijing irimo kugerageza kudakoma rutenderi kugira ngo igumane umubano mwiza n'ibyo bihugu byombi, ari na ko ikomeza ibikorwa byayo by'ubucuruzi - ikanagura amabuye y'agaciro y'ingenzi cyane.

Ni gute imyitwarire y'Ubushinwa kuri iyi ntambara itandukanye?

Mu gihe cy'imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, Ubushinwa bwagiye bwigengesera ntibufate uruhande mu ntambara zo muri Afurika, kugira ngo bwirinde guteza ibibazo bishobora kubangamira inyungu nyinshi z'ubucuruzi zabwo.

Kugeza ubu bwirinze kunenga leta zo muri Afurika ku gushyigikira abari mu ntambara.

Urugero, Ubushinwa nta byinshi bwavuze ku rukurikirane rw'amahirikwa y'ubutegetsi mu karere ka Sahel ko muri Afurika y'uburengerazuba yabaye guhera mu mwaka wa 2020, uretse gushishikariza abategetsi kwita ku nyungu z'abaturage.

Profeseri Zhou Yuyuan, impuguke mu iterambere n'umutekano by'Afurika wo mu kigo cy'ubushakashatsi ku masomo mpuzamahanga cy'i Shanghai (Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, SIIS), avuga ko hashize igihe kirekire Beijing ikurikiza igenamigambi ryo kutivanga mu bibazo by'imbere by'ikindi gihugu.

Ku bw'ibyo rero, Ubushinwa bwirinda gutanga ibitekerezo ku waba umuti w'izo ntambara. Icyo bukora gusa ni ugusaba ko habaho ibikorwa bya dipolomasi cyangwa bya politike by'imiryango mpuzamahanga, nk'Umuryango w'Abibumbye (ONU) cyangwa umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'Afurika (AU).

Imvururu zirimo inyeshyamba za M23 zifashwa n'u Rwanda zo mu burazirazuba bwa DR Congo zongeye kubyutsa umutwe mu mwaka wa 2021.

Abarwanyi bayobowe n'abo mu bwoko bw'Abatutsi bavuga ko bafashe intwaro kugira ngo barinde uburenganzira bw'abo muri ubwo bwoko bwa ba nyamucye - ndetse no kubera ko abategetsi ba DR Congo bisubiyeho ku byo bari bariyemeje mu masezerano y'amahoro yabayeho mbere.

Mu magambo bwavuze mu ntangiriro kuri ibi birimo kuba, Ubushinwa bwagarukiye gusa ku kunenga "ingabo z'amahanga" ziha ubufasha abarwanyi ba M23.

Ariko mu byumweru bicye bishize, Ubushinwa bwahagaritse uko busanzwe bubigenza, buvuga u Rwanda mu izina.

Ibi bibaye nyuma yuko M23 yigaruriye ibice byinshi, kuva muri Mutarama (1) uyu mwaka yafashe imijyi ikomeye ya Goma na Bukavu.

Muri Gashyantare (2) uyu mwaka, ambasaderi w'Ubushinwa muri ONU yagize ati: "Ubushinwa bwongeye gushimangira icyizere cyabwo ko u Rwanda... ruzahagarika ubufasha bwa gisirikare kuri M23 ndetse aka kanya rugakura ingabo zarwo zose ku butaka bwa DRC."

Profeseri Zhou asanga nubwo ibyo ari ingenzi, "muri rusange imvugo [yabwo] ugereranyije iracyoroshye".

Agira ati: "Ubushinwa 'bwari bwizeye' ko u Rwanda ruzahagarika ubufasha bwarwo ariko ntibwarwamaganye."

Ariko nyuma yaho gato Ubushinwa bwashyigikiye umwanzuro w'akanama k'umutekano ka ONU wasabye nta guca ku ruhande ko ingabo z'u Rwanda "zihagarika ubufasha kuri M23 zikanava aka kanya ku butaka bwa DRC nta mananiza".

Kuki Ubushinwa bwahinduye umuvuno?

Profeseri Zhou avuga ko amatangazo y'Ubushinwa ashobora kuba yaratewe na raporo z'inzobere za ONU, zatanze ibimenyetso bihamye by'ubufasha bw'u Rwanda kuri M23.

Yongeyeho ati: "Ibi ni ibintu by'ibanze byemeranywaho na bose mu kanama k'umutekano ka ONU."

"Iki kibazo kimaze igihe kirekire bihagije, ndetse buri wese mu mutima we azi iby'ibanze ku kuntu ibintu bimeze. Ntibigicyenewe kubigira ibanga."

Yaba ambasade y'Ubushinwa muri ONU cyangwa ambasade yabwo i London, nta wasubije ku mpamvu Ubushinwa bwanenze u Rwanda.

Ariko akamaro k'ingenzi cyane ku Bushinwa, ko kuba DR Congo yaramamaye ko ikungahaye ku mabuye y'agaciro, gashobora kuba karabigizemo uruhare.

Imirwano mu burasirazuba bwa DR Congo yibanze mu ntara za Kivu ya Ruguru na Kivu y'Epfo, zirimo ibirombe byinshi bya zahabu biyoborwa n'Abashinwa.

Kugeza ubu ukuntu ibi birombe byagizweho ingaruka n'imirwano ntibisobanutse.

M23 yanafashe ubutaka burimo ibirombe bya coltan (colombo-tantalite), Ubushinwa butumiza hanze ku bwinshi.

Ibuye ry'agaciro rya tantalum, rikoreshwa mu modoka no mu bikoresho bya elegitronike (electronics) byo mu buzima bwa buri munsi nka televiziyo na telefone zigendanwa, rikurwa muri coltan, ndetse 40% bya coltan yose icuruzwa ku isi iva muri DR Congo.

Mu Kuboza (12) kw'umwaka wa 2024, raporo y'inzobere za ONU yavuze ko M23 yari yarajyanye mu Rwanda mu buryo bwa magendu coltan ivuye muri DR Congo. Iyo raporo yavuze ko coltan u Rwanda rwohereza mu mahanga yiyongereye ku kigero cya 50% hagati y'umwaka wa 2022 n'uwa 2023.

Nubwo u Rwanda rufite ibirombe byarwo bya coltan, abasesenguzi bavuga ko bitashobora gutuma habaho uko kwiyongera cyane kw'umusaruro.

Ntibirasobanuka niba ingano cyangwa igiciro cya coltan itumizwa n'Ubushinwa byaragizweho ingaruka.

Irindi buye ry'agaciro Ubushinwa butumiza (bukura) muri DR Congo ni cobalt, y'ingenzi cyane ku nganda zikora batiri zikozwe muri lithium.

Ariko ibikorwa by'ubucukuzi bwa cobalt by'Ubushinwa ahanini bikorerwa mu majyepfo ya DR Congo, kure y'uturere tuberamo intambara mu burasirazuba.

Kompanyi zo mu Bushinwa zibarirwa muri za mirongo, zirimo nyinshi za leta, ziri no kubaka imihanda, ibikorwa by'itumanaho (telecommunications) n'ingomero z'amashanyarazi muri DR Congo.

Ariko bisa nkaho kugeza ubu ingaruka kuri ibi bikorwa itewe n'intambara ari ntoya cyane.

Ubushinwa buha ubufasha bwa gisirikare u Rwanda cyangwa DR Congo?

Ubushinwa bugurisha intwaro ku Rwanda no kuri DR Congo.

Muri iyi myaka ibarirwa muri 20 ishize, igisirikare cy'u Rwanda cyaguze imodoka za gisirikare zitamenwa n'amasasu asanzwe zikorerwa mu Bushinwa, imbunda za rutura na misile zirasa ibifaru, byose bikorwa n'Ubushinwa, nkuko bivugwa n'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi ku mahoro ku isi cy'i Stockholm muri Suède cyitwa Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).

Ku nshuro ya mbere, mu mwaka wa 2024 Ubushinwa bwashyizeho umujyanama mu bya gisirikare muri ambasade yabwo i Kigali.

Nubwo inzobere za ONU zivuga ko igisirikare cy'u Rwanda giha intwaro M23, ntibisobanutse niba uyu mutwe w'inyeshyamba ukoresha intwaro zakozwe n'Ubushinwa.

Ingabo za DR Congo zaguze imodoka za gisirikare zitamenwa n'amasasu asanzwe zikorwa n'Ubushinwa hamwe n'indege nto z'intambara zitajyamo umupilote (zizwi nka drone) zikorwa n'Ubushinwa.

Zinafite ibifaru byakorewe mu Bushinwa, byaguzwe mu mwaka wa 1976 ariko byari bigikoreshwa na vuba aha mu mwaka wa 2022.

Bitangazwa ko izo drone, nibura, zakoreshejwe mu mirwano na M23.

Hari ingaruka byagize ku mubano w'Ubushinwa n'ibyo bihugu?

Ambasade y'u Rwanda i Beijing yavuze ko umubano warwo n'Ubushinwa ukiri "mwiza cyane kandi w'ingirakamaro", ndetse ko u Rwanda atari rwo rwo kugira icyo ruvuga ku itangazo ry'Ubushinwa ku mirwano yo mu burasirazuba bwa DR Congo.

Ambasaderi w'Ubushinwa muri DR Congo, Zhao Bin, mu ntangiriro ya Gashyantare (2) yagiranye ibiganiro na Perezida wa sena ya DR Congo Sama Lukonde ariko ibyavugiwe muri iyo nama ntibyatangajwe.

Ibikorwa by'Ubushinwa byo mu rwego rw'ubukungu muri ibi bihugu byombi byashinze imizi cyane. Hombi biri muri gahunda y'Ubushinwa yitwa Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), igamije kurushaho kwegereza Ubushinwa isi binyuze mu mishinga y'ishoramari n'ibikorwa-remezo.

Mu Rwanda, Ubushinwa bwateye inkunga iyubakwa ry'ibibuga by'imikino, amashuri n'imihanda. Inguzanyo z'Ubushinwa zirimo no gutera inkunga imishinga yo kubaka ibikorwa-remezo - inguzanyo yo kubaka urugomero n'uburyo bwo kuhira (kuvomerera) imyaka, ifite agaciro kagereranywa ko ari miliyoni 40 z'amadolari y'Amerika (angana na miliyari 57FRW), yemejwe muri Mutarama (1) uyu mwaka.

Byinshi mu bicuruzwa u Rwanda rutumiza hanze, hashize imyaka biva mu Bushinwa.

Ku bijyanye n'umubano w'ubukungu w'Ubushinwa na DR Congo, imibare yo mu bubiko-shingiro bwa ONU bw'amakuru y'ubucuruzi (UN Comtrade Database) igaragaza ko hashize imyaka Ubushinwa ari umufatanyabikorwa mu bucuruzi wa mbere wa DR Congo.

Ubushinwa bwagerageje cyane kugera ku mutungo w'amabuye y'agaciro wa DR Congo.

Bwahaye DR Congo inguzanyo za miliyari 3.2 z'amadolari y'Amerika hagati y'umwaka wa 2005 n'uwa 2022, nkuko bikubiye mu bubiko-shingiro bw'amakuru y'inguzanyo z'Ubushinwa muri Afurika bwo kuri Kaminuza ya Boston muri Amerika.

Ahanini izo nguzanyo ni izo gutera inkunga ibikorwa byo kubaka imihanda n'amateme, n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi w'icyo gihugu.

Ubushinwa bwateye inkunga y'amafaranga ndetse bwubaka indi mishinga migari y'ibikorwa-remezo muri DR Congo, harimo n'ingomero z'amashanyarazi n'icyambu cyumutse (dry port) cya Sakania.

Ibi bikorwa by'ishoramari bishobora kumvikanisha ko ari mu nyungu z'Ubushinwa z'igihe kirekire kuba haboneka umuti w'iyi ntambara mu buryo bwihuse.